Problems / Scaling, medium

Resizing images on upload

Every upload is resized synchronously by an image service: 40 ms of CPU each on 4 vCPUs, at 300 uploads a second.

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Your goals

Success ≥ 99%, p99 ≤ 1 s.

The traffic

300 requests a second for 30 seconds: 0% reads, 100% writes.

The system

What each component does in this design, and what calls it. The simulator mimics each one from these settings.

ComponentIts job hereSettings
Load balancerLoad balancerTraffic enters here.Calls API.Layer 4 balancers route by IP and port; layer 7 balancers read HTTP and can route by path or header.–
APIApp serviceLoad balancer forwards to it.Calls Image resizer, Postgres.Little's law: throughput ≈ concurrency ÷ latency. 200 slots at 50 ms serve about 4,000 req/s.3 replicas × 200 slots · timeout 1.0 s
PostgresSQL databaseAPI calls it.Postgres runs one process per connection, which is why poolers like PgBouncer sit in front of busy databases.8 vCPU · 60 connections
Image resizerImage processingAPI calls it.Resizing images is CPU-heavy, so it is usually done once and cached.40 slots

Hints

Try it first. Open one hint at a time if you get stuck.

Hint 1

CPU needed = 300 × 40 ms = 12 vCPUs.

Hint 2

Image work is CPU-bound.

One way to solve it

Give the image service more capacity and vCPU (or move resizing to a queue and workers).

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